Alphabetic Order: ů i e a o u ai ao ůṙ aṙ oṙ # ůṙ iṙ eṙ aṙ oṙ uṙ aiṙ aoṙ # ůl il el al ol ul ail aol p b k g t d č j s z f v n m l h r # ∅: Absolutive case # ki: Ergative case # gu: Dative-lative case # ji: Oblique case # gië: Locative case # nagu: Ablative case # di: Instrumentive-comitative case # du: Causal case Nouns: Cases: [Vowel Harmony; front/back-ness] Participants: #4 ABS: ∅/∅ Absolutive: S/P ERG: !ki/ku Ergative: A DAT: gi/!gu Dative: Separate from LAT to possession implies participation PEG: ga Pegative: (who cares if it's a term in use) Used in dative-passive constructions, replaces A when DAT becomes A from possession implies participation Oblique? Indirects: #4 NPT: !ji/ju Nonparticipant: VOC, GEN, most other non-core arguments INS: di/!du Instrumentive: Also comitative. Describing the manner in which an action is performed. BEN: da Benefactive: For the benefit of/in service to CUZ: !se/so Causal: the thing which caused something (not the same as being the agent) Locations: #9 INE: te/!to Inessive: in/between SPE: tai/!tao Superessive: on/above LOC: !e/u Locative: at/around ELA: !gaṙ/goṙ Elative: out of (origination) ABL: !le/lu Ablative: away from (direction) ILL/ILA: če/!čo Illative: to (destination) LAT: baṙ Lative: toward (direction) EVT: !důṙ/doṙ Evitative: ?? past/around (obstacles) outside VIA: bi/!bo Vialis: through/over (ways) Describing the process of doing a thing, particularly travelling. Prefixes: POSS: ko Possessive: TEMP: le Temporal: SPC: no Specific: (not definite) NSP: se Nonspecific: (not indefinite) Adjectives of Comparison: naṙ: "without", "lacking", "-less" dos: "-full" he: "least" tan: "less" vůṙ: "more", "-er" roṙ: "most", "-est", "too" Verbs: Moods: IND: -a Indicative: Basic realis mood; relates facts and observations. DEO: -am Deontic: A broad irrealis mood which expresses anything about how the world should be, in the opinion of the speaker. Hopes, commands, and encouragement are all covered. COND: -fu/-afu Conditional: Used to form "if" statements, with the "then" clause having any other mood SBJ: -ao/-u Subjunctive: Catch-all irrealis mood, particularly expresses hypotheticals. Also commonly used for dependent, non-finite verbs. DISS: -adesk/-esk Dissatisfactive: Realis mood, expresses facts the speaker is not pleased with. SPEC: -aṙ/-oṙ Speculative: Irrealis mood, expresses uncertainty. Tense/Aspect: Tense: C: ∅ Present: Describes things which are transpiring in the present. PP: ze- Proximal Past: Describes things which happened before the present, but sufficiently close to it. DP: si- Distal Past: Describes things which happened prior to the immediate context of discussion. F: bi- Future: Describes things which have not yet happened. Primary Aspect: CONT: gů- Continuous: Describes states or actions which span a range of time extending away from the moment being considered. HAB: ků- Habitual: Describes actions which are frequently repeated through the time period being considered. PFV: ∅ Perfective: Describes actions which take place entirely within the moment being considered. Secondary Aspect: (null): ∅ Null aspect: No secondary aspect, only the primary one applies. INC: lu- Inceptive: Describes the initiation of an action or when a state begins to apply. TERM: ro- Terminative: Describes the end of an action, or when a state ceases to apply. MOMT: čo- Momentane: Describes an event which happens very quickly, quickly enough that nothing else can intercede. Auxiliaries, Adverbs, etc: či: (Question) nači: na: (Negative) Connectives: čas: (Copula) man: (conjunction, "and") kůk: (contrastive conjunction, "but") tai: (disjunction, "or") hůs: "so", "therefore", "thus" lan: "while" other: de: "very" kon: "first" ven: "last" Voices: (Expressed via particles) Active/Reflexive: ∅ [A]: (S/A=actor-experiencer) ?(P=patient) [P]: ?(A=source) (S/P=patient-experiencer) [2]: (A=agent) (P=patient) [G]: (S/A=donor-experiencer) ?(P=theme) ?(DAT=recipient) Passive: nad (Used mainly for [A]/[G]/[2] verbs) (S/A)->?PEG (P)->(S/A) overall: (S/A) ?(P) ?DAT -> ?(S/A) ?DAT ?PEG Antipassive: nům (Used mainly for [P]/[2] verbs) (S/P)->?PEG (A)->(S/A) overall: ?(A) (S/P) -> ?(S/A) ?PEG Dative-passive: půt (Verbs of giving [G] (POV = donor) -> verbs of receiving/experiencing [A] (POV = recipient)) (S/A)->?PEG DAT->(S/A) overall: (S/A) ?(P) DAT -> (S/A) ?(P) ?PEG Circumstantial? Reciprocal/Reflexive: sas (A(=P))->_ overall: (A) (P) -> (A) (P) Passive dative-passive: nad půt (verbs of giving [G] (POV = donor) -> passive verbs of receiving/experiencing (POV = theme)) (S/A)-> delete (P)->(S) DAT->?PEG overall: (S/A) (P) DAT -> (S) ?PEG Mode/Mirativity: van: can jun: should toka: may/might Lexicon: Common lexemes: ba: on noun: to make _ verbalizer [Ai] (t)a: on noun: to be _ verbalizer [Ai] te: Verb: agent nominalizer, "-er" Noun: "habitually making" adjectivizer si: Verb: passive nominalizer, "-ee" na: Noun: to use _ (in the most essential way) verbalizer [Ai] nao: Verb: process/action nominalizer gos: Noun: "to be characterized by" adjectivizer pronouns: Technically, 3p pronouns are just nouns that imply their genders Other nouns can in certain cases be "abbreviated" and act as pronouns 1p: 1p: fai (I/me) kůfai 1pI.DL: faika (we [dual], [just] you[s] and me) 1pI.PCL: faigao (we [few], you and me and co.) 1pI-X.PL: faïa (we, you and me [and them]) 1pI-X.LPL: faïske (we [all.i], you and me and [all] them) 1pX: dao (I/me [as opposed to you]) (generally rude) kodao 1pX.DL: daoka (we [dual-x], me and them[s]) 1pX.PCL: daogao (we, me and them few) 1pX.PL: daoä (we, me and them) 1pX.LPL: daoske (we [all.x], me and [all] them) 2p: 2pT: go kogo 2pT.PL: goa 2pV: pav kobav 2pV.PL: pava 3p: 3pI: fol kovol 3pI.PL: fola 3pA: sůṙ kosůṙ 3pA.PL: sůṙa 3pD: ail kail 3pD.PL: aila demonstrative: (plurals fully regular) I: prx: vaiz med: voz dst: vaz A: prx: fet med: fut dst: fat D: prx: met med: mot dst: mait interrogative: what: sůffů which: sůvve noun inflections: G-C-P: Gender, Count, Plural G: I: - ∅: (inanimate unmarked) A: - se/so: (general animate) - í: (persons) D: - tif/tuf: (general abstract) C: Comparable to distinction between "cow" and "herd", or "goose" and "flock" - ∅: normal - mat: collective - nůṙ: family P: - ∅: singular - vů: used to mark explicitly counted nouns - ka: DL (archaic, unproductive, explicit dual) - gai/gao: PCL (paucal, generally 2-5) - a: PL (general, quantity-unmarked plural) - ske/sko: LPL (large plural, not contrasted strongly with PL) or: - pe/po: (definite address of an actual person) - (t)aṙ: (aspects) (like pe for D) numerals: (base 12) 1: ni 2: ha 3: ju 4: ke 5: la 6: ellu / ri.čot 7: ri.čotů.ni 8: ri.čotů.ha 9: ri.čotů.ju A: ri.čotů.ke B: čot.ua.la 10: čot 11: čotů.ni ... 16: čotůt.ellu ... 18: čotů.ri.čotů.ha ... 1B: ha.čot.ua.ni 20: ha.čot ... 60: ri.mun ... 70: ri.munů.čot ... B0: mun.ua.čot ... BB: mun.ua.ni 100: mun 1000: fad quantifiers: rao: all ri: half no: none missi: much, many bu: some sed: little, few vil: each, every nouns, adjectives: ika.se: "[romantic] couple", lexicalized remnant of former dual is.se: "spirit" ed: #Color "black" ala.tif: "peace" aon: #BodyPart "hand" ailistif: "Quintessential Spirit", the Formless Maker naṙsůddovůmmaṙtetif: Formless Maker "unshaped builder" ailhaotnůṙ: #Compound #Nature "the world" ůṙf.se: #Person "adolescent" pit: "shadow" pil: #Color "grey" pep: "clap" pepep: "applause" pan.tif: #Age #Time "new" pok: "bread" paṙv.se: #Nature #Plant "tree", "bush" paṙvsemat: "forest", "woods" bůs: #Geography "Large hill/mountain", "A hill which is large enough to dominate the landscape" zobůs: #Diminutive "Hill" funbůs: "Mountain" badi: #Person "father" bada(pe): "Dad" baske.tif: #Language "word" baz.tif: #Space "[asymmetically] opposite" bavve.tif: "prosperity", "health", "wellness" boppe.tif: #Time ##phono "morning" bol: #Color "red" bun.se: "livestock (s.)" bao: "chunk", "block", "segment" bůṙ.i: #Age "child (age)", "kid" baṙd.tif: #Space "[symmetrically] opposite" kůst: "problem" ke: "four" ked.tif: #Senses #Taste "sweet" kes: "smooth and hard (as glass or stone)" kessi: "abstruse, impermeable" kap.tif: "good" kat: #Time day Weekdays: nitůtkat: First Rest Day saṙkat: Babe Day bůṙkat: Child Day ůṙfkat: Adolescent Day ripkat: Young Adult Day hatůtkat: Second Rest Day jutůtkat: Third Rest Day zeddakat: Adult Day foṙtkat: Old Adult Day saokat: Elder Day nulkat: Death Day ketůtkat: Fourth Rest Day gulkat: "holiday" kate: #BodyPart "head" kaffaṙ.tif: #Time "the future", "the future state of one's life" kof.so: "fire" kovvo.so: "cook (occupation)" kommo: "room", "chamber" kolaṙ: "Nation", "domain" gakkolaṙ: "satrapy", "territory", lit. "dependent state" kuki: #Person ##phono "Human" ku.tuf: "sound", "noise" kuf: "tea", "infusion" kun: #Materials #Metals "bronze" kune: "debt" kus: "cloth", "fabric" kullu.so: #Nature #Animal "bear" kuro.tuf: #Time "old" kao: #Writing #Knowledge "manuscript", "book" kaotte: #Civilization ##phono "road" kůṙon.tuf: #Time ##phono "time" kaṙ: #Civilization #Politics "law", "rule", kaṙi: "lawgiver", "governor", kaṙdkagu: "A massive conscious fungoid entity in the far north, which can control and manipulate those who come near it." koṙk: #Materials "brick" koṙst: "ring" gi: #Color "green" gittu.tif: ##phono "confusion", "disarray" gemmi.tif: "bad art", "something skillfully produced but ugly", "something that required skill and effort to produce, but which is nonetheless terrible" gak: (pr. adj.) "dependent" gadao: #BodyPart "testicle" (vulgar) gavva: "beyond [as in afterlife]" gos: "forge" gonu: #Color "purple" gonao: "story", "tale" gol: "cup", "drinking vessel" gub: #Shape "half-circle" (a fuskspot) gul: "mark" gai: "jar" tůt: "rest" tůsi.se: #Animal "fish" tab: "High", "zenith" tago: #Materials #Metals "brass" tasli.se: #BodyPart "foot" tanso: "fungus", "mushroom" tilli.se: #BodyPart "tongue" te: (see above) v: typical-verb-agent nominalizer, "one who does", -er n: "habitually making" tos.so: "baker" tosu: "oven" tosao: "cake" tosoṙ: "pastry" tozzo.tuf: #Emotion "love" tonro.tuf: #Game #Math "chance, randomness, as in games of chance" tolla.tuf: #Appearance "beauty", "elegance", tuk: #Color "white" tuddu.se: #Animal "bee" tusk: #Shape "line" taive.ï: ??priest tao: #Weapon "bow (weapon)" tůṙ.tif: #Appearance "cute" des: "task", "chore", "errand" daöṙ.tuf: "family" daöṙ.i: "family member" dana(pe): #Person "mom" dani: "mother" dallao: #Geography "island" dun: #Textiles "thread", "fiber", "strand", "filament", "cord (light-weight)" dai.tif: #Time "unending", "eternal" doṙjao.so: #Monster "(an individual of) a species of giant, very intelligent, magically adept squid-like creatures" sůddo: "form", "shape" sůsse: #Materials #Metals "tin" sůffů: "what", "who", "where", "when" interrogative pronoun sůvve: "which", choice interrogative sůl: "knot" sip.tif: "free", "unrestricted" sis: #Attribute "long (length)" sinne.ï: "aunt/uncle" sil.tif: "treachery", "mutiny" sek: "side", "facet" seri.tif: "sameness", "likeness", "similarity" san: #Materials "wood" sal: #Color "silver" "money" sallist: #Materials #Metals "silver (metal)" salta.tif: "glory", "great" sottoṙ: #Materials "parchment", "vellum" su: "water", "(clear) fluid (that runs)" sůṙsu: #BodyPart "blood", lit. "life-water" sumat: body of water (pond, lake) sup: "pair" susk.i: #Family #Relationship "child (relation)" suf: #BodyPart "finger" sailo: ##phono "vowel" Saofůṙn: #Politics #Geography One of the five States of the empire. sůṙ.tif: #Nature "Life" sůṙ.se: "living thing" sůṙ.i: "[living] person" saṙl: #Weather "snow" spal: #Geography "sea" spot: "element", "indivisible component", "atmomos" fuskspot: "writing element" spuk: #Color "color" skihi: #Magic "automaton" skan: "taken together" [NP joiner] skommu.so: "mind" sku: #Soil #Nature "sand" stůllao.tuf: "state of life", "habits", "traditions" (no direct translation) "the present" stevvao.se: ##phono "pet" stok: #BodyPart "liver" stao: "house", "dwelling", "apartment" kaostao: "library" (lit. book-house) smůṙttai.tif: "cipher", "code" ## "trick", "deception" snem.i: #Family #Relationship "parent (semi-formal)" snaṙ: #BodyPart "mouth" sli: #Emotion "joy", "happy" slannao: "music" zaṙt.tif: "war" zo: #Attribute "little" zok: #Color "yellow/gold" zoklist: #Materials #Metals "Gold (metal)" zondi.se: #BodyPart ##phono "palm" zuffu: "omen", "portent", "sign" zunče.tif: ##phono "Aspect" zaimnao: #Compound "turning" fanzaimnao: #Time "sky-turning", "Cycle [year]" saltafanzaimnao: #Time "great-sky-turning", "epicycle [144 cycles]" zaoro: "shrine", "altar", "temple" zaṙ: "gem", "crystal" čůsste: #Time "history" čůsstefuskte.se: "history-writer" čůssteï: "historian" či: Question particle česse: #Sound #Onomatopoeia "hiss" čera: "thunder", "lightning" ex: "Čara fan zůhaffačozabo lan vovvu zegůjakkalubo." ("Lightning broke the sky [in an instant] while the rain began to fall.") ča: "splinter", "thorn" čottoṙ: "ship" čom: #Materials #Metals "copper" čunika.se: #Compound #Family "parents", "childbearing couple", "a pair of people who have had and/or raised a child together" čaofe: "tail", "tentacle", čaon.tuf: "tired", "sleepy" čaṙl: "warmth" jisai: #Materials #Metals "zinc" jinnai: "flour" jak: "low" jaf: #Materials #Nature "stone" ju: #number "three" jum: #BodyPart "nut", "kernel" "testicle" (slang, juvenile) jůṙ: #family "grand-, great" [of familial relations] "above", "over" fi.tif: #knowledge "wisdom", "learning", "knowledge" fel: #attribute "bent" fan: #nature "sky" fanne: #BodyPart "heart" falle.se: #BodyPart "chest" fogu: #clothing ##phono (fogi) "cloak" fusk: #knowledge "text", "writing", "iconography" baofusk: "blocked writing", the writing system used by the Empire kurobaofusk: "old blocked writing", written kuroren fibaofusk: "intelligible blocked writing", written firen fulbaofusk: "common blocked writing", written fulren subaofusk: "cursive blocked writing" sufusk: "cursive" fun: #attribute "big" fummu: #money #trade "wealth", "value" ful: #attribute "common" fao: #Materials #Craft "leather" vůto: #plant #nature "leaf" vůssi: #emotion "unpleasant surprise", "a shock" vat: "milk" votto: "broken" vosso.tuf: "confused, but flattered" vovvo: "cloud" vovvu: "rain" vollu.tuf: "change", "growth" vutboṙ: "consonant" ni: #Number "one" nitte.tif: ##phono (nitto) "cold" nissůṙ: #Time "age" nim.tif: "bad" na: not nak: "perpendicular", "across" naknao: "crossing", "intersecting" (not necessarily right-angled) nesis: "Seed" haotnesis: "The World-Seed" nači: Negative questioning particle "is-not-true" nasso: "game", "sport" nobbo: "wave" not: "[esp. flying] insect", "bug" nusp.i: "[first] cousin" jůṙnuspi: "grand-cousin" [technically a first cousin once removed] nul.tuf: "death", "dead" nulmud: "carcass" nuli: "[person's] corpse" [maintains animate gender] naṙ.tif: "without", "lacking", "sans" naisai.tif: ##phono(naisao) "name", "title" nao: (see above) process nominalizer, -ing naon: "(surface of the) ground" můttoṙ: #Craft #Materials "nail" zomůttoṙ: "hobnail" malle: #BodyPart "hammock" "scrotum" (euphemistic) mel: "low" mup: #Weapon "arrow" mud.so: #BodyPart "body" můṙb.tif: #Attribute "weight" můṙbgos.tif: "heavy" maṙ: "city" maṙd: #Materials #Metals "steel" lůffo.tuf: #Religion #Magic "soul" lůffokofso: "soul-fire", "the animating flame of the Sůṙjafia" list: #Materials #Metals "metal" lizzi.tif: #Time "next" lihai: #Food #Holidays "feast (by extension, a feast-including celebration itself)" la.tif: "force", "power", "strength/strong" "five" lon: "place" stemlon: "workshop" stemtelon: "workers' place" stemnaolon: "working-place" tosulon: #Compound "bakery" los: "(shoe)lace", "cord (mid-weight)" Losdoṙk: #Politics One of the five States of the empire. lu.ï: #Family "younger sibling" lut: "pen" luskao.tuf: "gratefulness", "thankfulness" lai.se: #BodyPart "thumb" laim: #Color "blue" lao: #Time "month" (in the sense of 1/12 of a "year") zolao: "week" listao: Iron-month. The first lao; the beginning of 'spring'. kaṙlao: Glass-month. The second lao. salao: Silver-month. kůṙonlao: Gold-month. kofao: Red-month. The hottest lao, bright even during the night; forces nocturnal lifestyles in some locales. sulao: Blue-month. Storm season. vollilao: Green-month. Aurora are visible day and night. The beginning and end of this lao often stray as much as a week in either direction from their normal times. jafao: Grey-month. lalao: Purple-month. Color vision impaired even during daytime. filao: Black-month. The coldest lao, very few stars in the sky. nalao: White-month. islao: Spirit-month. A full lao of twilight. Temperature is consistent and average for the region. Crops do not grow because there is too little light. Entire lao is celebrated as a holiday known as "Dusk". laol: "lameness", "cripple" laṙt: "wound" hůdi.tif: "loyalty", "dedication", "commitment" hůdirosp.se: #Compound "steed" hisk.tif: #Knowledge "truth" hil: #Money "coin" he: "home", "den" hek.i: "older sibling" hele: "star" ha: #Number "air" "two" hagu: #Weapon "sword" has: "wind" hossin.i: ##phono "nibling", "niece/nephew" hul: "short" haot: "world" hůṙdde: "honey" ri.tif: "half" ride: #Materials ##phono(rido) "paper" reffoṙ: ##phono "table" ren.tif: #Language "speech", "talk" suren.tif: "song", "poetry", lit. "liquid speech" kuroren.tif: "Old speech", Old Tongue's Common Tongue name firen.tif: "Intelligible speech", Old Tongue autonym fulren.tif: "Common speech", Common Tongue's autonym jafren.tif: "stone-tongue", language of the Suṙjafiä rosuïren.tif: # sůroïren: language of the rosuïä/sůroïä renvůmmasi: invented language ra-..-(t)aṙ: "Aspect (suffix replaces normal divine gender marker)" ralistaṙ: Iron Aspect, the Worldforge haot.gos.tuf: world.forge.D Worldforge rasalaṙ: Silver Aspect, the Weight of the World můṙb.tif ko haot: weight.D POSS world World's Weight salaṙ: "Silver Aspect" rakůṙonaṙ: Gold Aspect, (Aspect of Time), the Counter of Days kat.saosa.te.tif: day.count.er.D Counter of Days zokaṙ: "Gold Aspect" rakofaṙ: Red Aspect, the Fire of Life ail.kof.se ko sůṙ.tif: essence.fire.A POSS life.D "Life's essential fire" bolaṙ: "Red Aspect" rasutaṙ: Blue Aspect, (Aspect of Flow), The Wind and Sea has-mat spal-mat ail-skan-tif: wind-collective sea-collective essence-and-D laimaṙ: "Blue Aspect" ravollutaṙ: Green Aspect, the Change of Ways stůllao.ail.vollu.tuf: state-of-life.essence.change.D gitaṙ: "Green Aspect" rajafaṙ: Grey Aspect, (Aspect of Stone) pilaṙ: "Grey Aspect" ralataṙ: Purple Aspect, the Empowered Cripple ail.laol.gů.la.ba.si.tif: essence.cripple.DAT-R.strength.make.PASSARG.D _.la._.tif: become.strong.cripple.D la.gů.gůt._._.tif: strength.DAT-R.give.P-PTCP-R.cripple.D la _.tif.gu gůt._: strength cripple.D.DAT give.PP "cripple given strength" gonutaṙ: "Purple Aspect" ranataṙ: White Aspect, the Usherer to the Beyond ail.gavva.gů.kog.te.tif: essence.beyond.DAT-R.usher.er.D tukaṙ: "White Aspect" rakaṙtaṙ: Glass Aspect, (Aspect of Law), The Governor ail.koṙ.te.tif: essence.govern.er.D The Divine Governor rafitaṙ: Black Aspect, Speaker to the World haot-gů-ail-tilla-te-tif: world-DAT.R-essence-speak-er-D "to-the-world speaker" edaṙ: "Black Aspect" raïsaṙ: Spirit Aspect, Maker's Shadow pit.tif ko vůmmaṙ.te.tif: shadow.D POSS build.er.D Maker's Shadow ral: #Clothing "shoe", "footwrap" rosu.se: # sůrose: "animal", "beast" rosuï: # sůroï: "animal-person", "beastman" rosp.i: "friend" rosp.tuf: "friendship" ruttaṙ.tif: "number" rusli: ##phono "tight" verbs: Verbal Scheme: A: Agentive agreement Ai: Agent-intransitive. Verb can take no object. At: Agent-transitive. A more important than P. P: Patientive agreement Pi: Patient-intransitive. Verb has no subject. Pt: Patient-transitive. P more important than A. 2: Strictly divalent agreement 2: A and P equally important. G: Verbs with dative arguments Gi: Travel verbs (Agent -> Destination) Gt: Giving verbs (Donor (Theme) -> Recipient) Patterns: -∅: an instance of -e/-o: agentive/instrumentive -i/-u: -ai/-ao: abstractive -aṙ, -ůṙ/-oṙ: resultative pitta: [Pt] "to feel pain", "to hurt" katepitta: [Pi] "to suffer from a headache" pittai: "pain" pisk: [Ai] "to swim" pep: [Ai] "to clap" petla: [At] "grasp" paska: [?] "to seem" ponna: [Gt] "see" pait: [2] "know" ex: "zegůpaitadeskrosudu" ("I used to know it") poṙdda: [2] "argue", "fight", "dispute" bem: [2] "to earn" ba: [2] "to make" kidda: [Pi] "to trip", "to stumble" [Pi] "to make a mistake", "to err" kid: "mistake", "error" [At] "to trip up", "to interfere", "to hassle" kidde: "hurdle", "obstacle", "stumbling block" ketta: [2] "to harm", "to hurt" kettai: "harm" kalla: "to trade" "to translate" kaffaṙlattaoaba: #Compound [At] "to schedule", "to predict" kog: [At] "usher", "push" kovva: [2] "to cook" kovvoso: "cook (occupation)" kuna: [2] "to owe" kune: "debt" kailla: [Pi] "to learn" kaotta: [Gi] "travel" kaotto: "road" kůṙsa: [Pt] "to freeze" kůṙse: "ice" koṙ: [At] "govern" kaṙ: "law" gůt: [Gt] "give" gima: [2] "to carry", "to bear" geta: [2] "to have sex with", "to fuck" (vulgar) gedda: [2] "to hit", "to strike" gukka: [Pi] "to hurt oneself doing something that seemed safe" by extension: "to cause any bad outcome by accident" gul: [Pt] "to mark" gul: "mark" gůṙt: [2] "forget" tůta: [At] "touch" tilla: [At] "speak" tille: "tongue" ta: [2] copular verb tos: [2] "to bake" tos.so: "baker" tosu: "oven" tosao: "cake" tosoṙ: "pastry" tosulon: #Compound "bakery" tozza: [At] "to love" tunna: [At] "to scry" tul: [2] "to eat" taona: [2] "to shoot" taṙn: [Gt] to feel toṙs: [At] "to shout" čessa: [At] "to hiss" čud: [Pi] "to shine" čuča: [Pi] "to sneeze" čunna: [Pt] "to birth", "to be born" čunno: "birth" jinna: [Pt] "to mill" jinnai: "flour" jesta: [At] "to pay" jakka: [Pi] "fall" jakke: "cliff", "[a] drop" jot: [Gi] "run" jot: "distance" sůgga: [Pt] "to be sick" sůgge: "[an] illness" sůggi: "an instance of sickness" sůggao: "illness", "disease" sikka: [Ai] "to pray" sikke: "[a] prayer" sikkai: "prayer" [in general] seza: [2] "to send" sen: [Pi] "to delay, to linger, to stall, to hesitate" sam: [At] "to look" sub: [2] "to hurt" sun: [At] to have, to own, to hold (certain senses) sulla: [Ai] "to scream (as of a toddler)" saiga: [Pt] "to wrap", "to bundle" saosa: [At] "count" spedda: #Magic [Ai] "to use ritual magic", "to weave magical energy" spedde: "an instance of a ritual as well as its effects" speddai.tif: "ritual" span: [Gi] "walk" skomma: [At] "to think" skommu.se: "mind" skommo.tuf: "idea" skais: [2] "need" skoṙffa: [Pi] "to be stuck in farewells", "to say goodbye too many times" stem: [Ai] "work" stem: "project" stav: [Pt] "to fix" stal: [Pt, G] "to affect", "to impact" smolla: [Gt] "to smell" smůṙtta: [At] "to hide" [2] "to encipher" smůṙttai.tif: "cipher", "code" slanna: [At] "to sing" slannao: "music" slanno: "song" slon: [At] "to hope" slon.tuf: "hope" zatta: [Gt] "to hear" zamma: [Gi] "to come" zaim: [Pt] "turn" fisa: [Ai] "to teach" fela: [Pt] "to bend" fel: "bent" fama: [Pi] "to sleep" fos: [At] "to help" fuskba: [At] "write" vůssa: [Pt] "feel shocked" vůmma: [At] "create", "build" vůmmaṙ: "art" vokka: [At] "to desert", "to abandon" vus: [2] "to bring" vul: [2] "to deserve" vosta: [Pt] "to lose" vostoṙ: "lost" volla: [Pt] "change", "grow" vollu: "change" vůṙla: [2] "to impact", "to collide" nak: [2] "to intersect", "to cross" nassa: [At] "play [as of a game]" nasso: "[a] game" [a playing] nasse: "a game" [as in "soccer is a game"] nassao: "games" [general] nep: [Gt] "to lend" nomma: [2] "to want" nul: [Pi] "to die" malla: [Pt] "to hang" lůtta: [Pt] "remove", "take off" linna: [2] "to skip", "to pass over" latta: [2] "to cut", "to slice" latto: "wound", "incision" lattao: "division" latte: "blade" lot: [At] "to agree" lozza: [Pt] "to heal" lusk: [At] "to blow" hisppa: [At] "to find" hasta: [Gi] "go" haffa: [Pt] "break" ex: "Čara fan zůhaffačozabo lan vovvu zegůjakkalubo." han: [Gt] "speak", "tell", "convey", "express" huk: [Ai] "listen" ram: [Gt] "to taste" rutta: [At] "to reap"